# Post-Processing

#### Bill Denney

# Introduction

Once a calculation is complete, the steps to extract the desired results from the results object are described below.

# Setup

To extract results, first results must be available. The example below comes from the Introduction and Usage vignette and is reproduced here simply to have results available. See that vignette for more details about running PKNCA.

    library(PKNCA)
    suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(dplyr))

    d_conc <-
      as.data.frame(datasets::Theoph) %>%
      mutate(Subject=as.numeric(as.character(Subject)))
    ## Generate the dosing data
    d_dose <- d_conc[d_conc$Time == 0,]
    d_dose$Time <- 0

    conc_obj <-
      PKNCAconc(
        d_conc,
        conc~Time|Subject
      )
    dose_obj <-
      PKNCAdose(
        d_dose,
        Dose~Time|Subject
      )
    data_obj <- PKNCAdata(conc_obj, dose_obj)
    results_obj <- pk.nca(data_obj)

# Modifying Results

## Exclusion of Select Results

In many scenarios, individual results may need to be excluded from summaries. To exclude results, use the `exclude()` function.

### Exclusion Functions

Several exclusion functions are built into PKNCA. The built-in functions will exclude all results that either apply to the current value or are dependencies of the current value. For example, \(AUC_\infty\) depends on \(\lambda_z\), and excluding based on span ratio will exclude all parameters that depend on \(\lambda_z\), including \(AUC_\infty\).

To see the built-in functions, type `?exclude_nca` at the R command line and review that help page. To use them, provide the function to the `FUN` argument of `exclude()` as illustrated below.

    results_excl_span <- exclude(results_obj, FUN=exclude_nca_span.ratio())

    ## Loading required namespace: testthat

    # Without any exclusions applied, the 'exclude' column is all NA.
    as.data.frame(results_obj) %>%
      filter(Subject == 1)

    ## # A tibble: 15 × 6
    ##    Subject start   end PPTESTCD             PPORRES exclude
    ##      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>                  <dbl> <chr>
    ##  1       1     0    24 auclast              92.4    <NA>
    ##  2       1     0   Inf cmax                 10.5    <NA>
    ##  3       1     0   Inf tmax                  1.12   <NA>
    ##  4       1     0   Inf tlast                24.4    <NA>
    ##  5       1     0   Inf clast.obs             3.28   <NA>
    ##  6       1     0   Inf lambda.z              0.0485 <NA>
    ##  7       1     0   Inf r.squared             1.00   <NA>
    ##  8       1     0   Inf adj.r.squared         1.00   <NA>
    ##  9       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.first   9.05   <NA>
    ## 10       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.last   24.4    <NA>
    ## 11       1     0   Inf lambda.z.n.points     3      <NA>
    ## 12       1     0   Inf clast.pred            3.28   <NA>
    ## 13       1     0   Inf half.life            14.3    <NA>
    ## 14       1     0   Inf span.ratio            1.07   <NA>
    ## 15       1     0   Inf aucinf.obs          215.     <NA>

    # With exclusions applied, the 'exclude' column has the reason for exclusion.
    as.data.frame(results_excl_span) %>%
      filter(Subject == 1)

    ## # A tibble: 15 × 6
    ##    Subject start   end PPTESTCD             PPORRES exclude
    ##      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>                  <dbl> <chr>
    ##  1       1     0    24 auclast              92.4    <NA>
    ##  2       1     0   Inf cmax                 10.5    <NA>
    ##  3       1     0   Inf tmax                  1.12   <NA>
    ##  4       1     0   Inf tlast                24.4    <NA>
    ##  5       1     0   Inf clast.obs             3.28   <NA>
    ##  6       1     0   Inf lambda.z              0.0485 span.ratio < 2
    ##  7       1     0   Inf r.squared             1.00   span.ratio < 2
    ##  8       1     0   Inf adj.r.squared         1.00   span.ratio < 2
    ##  9       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.first   9.05   span.ratio < 2
    ## 10       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.last   24.4    span.ratio < 2
    ## 11       1     0   Inf lambda.z.n.points     3      span.ratio < 2
    ## 12       1     0   Inf clast.pred            3.28   span.ratio < 2
    ## 13       1     0   Inf half.life            14.3    span.ratio < 2
    ## 14       1     0   Inf span.ratio            1.07   span.ratio < 2
    ## 15       1     0   Inf aucinf.obs          215.     span.ratio < 2

You may also write your own exclusion function. The exclusion functions built-into PKNCA are a bit more complex than required because they handle options and manage general functionality that may not apply to a user-specific need. To write your own exclusion function, it should follow the description of how to write your own exclusion function as described in the details section of `?exclude`.

### Excluding Specific Results

Excluding specific results has the benefit that full control is provided. But, excluding specific points allows for errors to also enter the analysis because parameters that depend on the excluded parameter will not be excluded.

    mask_exclude_cmax <-
      results_obj %>%
      as.data.frame() %>%
      dplyr::mutate(
        mask_exclude=Subject == 1 & PPTESTCD == "cmax"
      ) %>%
      "[["("mask_exclude")
    results_excl_specific <-
      exclude(
        results_obj,
        mask=mask_exclude_cmax,
        reason="Cmax was actually above the ULOQ"
      )

    # Without any exclusions applied, the 'exclude' column is all NA.
    results_obj %>%
      as.data.frame() %>%
      filter(Subject == 1)

    ## # A tibble: 15 × 6
    ##    Subject start   end PPTESTCD             PPORRES exclude
    ##      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>                  <dbl> <chr>
    ##  1       1     0    24 auclast              92.4    <NA>
    ##  2       1     0   Inf cmax                 10.5    <NA>
    ##  3       1     0   Inf tmax                  1.12   <NA>
    ##  4       1     0   Inf tlast                24.4    <NA>
    ##  5       1     0   Inf clast.obs             3.28   <NA>
    ##  6       1     0   Inf lambda.z              0.0485 <NA>
    ##  7       1     0   Inf r.squared             1.00   <NA>
    ##  8       1     0   Inf adj.r.squared         1.00   <NA>
    ##  9       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.first   9.05   <NA>
    ## 10       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.last   24.4    <NA>
    ## 11       1     0   Inf lambda.z.n.points     3      <NA>
    ## 12       1     0   Inf clast.pred            3.28   <NA>
    ## 13       1     0   Inf half.life            14.3    <NA>
    ## 14       1     0   Inf span.ratio            1.07   <NA>
    ## 15       1     0   Inf aucinf.obs          215.     <NA>

    # With exclusions applied, the 'exclude' column has the reason for exclusion.
    results_excl_specific %>%
      as.data.frame() %>%
      filter(Subject == 1)

    ## # A tibble: 15 × 6
    ##    Subject start   end PPTESTCD             PPORRES exclude
    ##      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>                  <dbl> <chr>
    ##  1       1     0    24 auclast              92.4    <NA>
    ##  2       1     0   Inf cmax                 10.5    Cmax was actually above the…
    ##  3       1     0   Inf tmax                  1.12   <NA>
    ##  4       1     0   Inf tlast                24.4    <NA>
    ##  5       1     0   Inf clast.obs             3.28   <NA>
    ##  6       1     0   Inf lambda.z              0.0485 <NA>
    ##  7       1     0   Inf r.squared             1.00   <NA>
    ##  8       1     0   Inf adj.r.squared         1.00   <NA>
    ##  9       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.first   9.05   <NA>
    ## 10       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.last   24.4    <NA>
    ## 11       1     0   Inf lambda.z.n.points     3      <NA>
    ## 12       1     0   Inf clast.pred            3.28   <NA>
    ## 13       1     0   Inf half.life            14.3    <NA>
    ## 14       1     0   Inf span.ratio            1.07   <NA>
    ## 15       1     0   Inf aucinf.obs          215.     <NA>

### Multiple Exclusions

More than one exclusion can be applied sequentially to results as in the example below.

    mask_exclude_lz <-
      results_obj %>%
      as.data.frame() %>%
      dplyr::mutate(
        mask_exclude=Subject == 1 & PPTESTCD == "lambda.z"
      ) %>%
      "[["("mask_exclude")

    # Starting from the exclusion example above where short span ratios were
    # excluded, exclude Cmax for Subject 1, too.
    results_excl_multi <-
      exclude(
        results_excl_span,
        mask=mask_exclude_cmax,
        reason="Cmax was actually above the ULOQ"
      )
    results_excl_multi <-
      exclude(
        results_excl_multi,
        mask=mask_exclude_lz,
        reason="Issue with lambda.z fit"
      )

    # With exclusions applied, the 'exclude' column has the reason for exclusion.
    # More than one reason may appear if more than one exclusion is applied.
    results_excl_multi %>%
      as.data.frame() %>%
      filter(Subject == 1)

    ## # A tibble: 15 × 6
    ##    Subject start   end PPTESTCD             PPORRES exclude
    ##      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>                  <dbl> <chr>
    ##  1       1     0    24 auclast              92.4    <NA>
    ##  2       1     0   Inf cmax                 10.5    Cmax was actually above the…
    ##  3       1     0   Inf tmax                  1.12   <NA>
    ##  4       1     0   Inf tlast                24.4    <NA>
    ##  5       1     0   Inf clast.obs             3.28   <NA>
    ##  6       1     0   Inf lambda.z              0.0485 span.ratio < 2; Issue with …
    ##  7       1     0   Inf r.squared             1.00   span.ratio < 2
    ##  8       1     0   Inf adj.r.squared         1.00   span.ratio < 2
    ##  9       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.first   9.05   span.ratio < 2
    ## 10       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.last   24.4    span.ratio < 2
    ## 11       1     0   Inf lambda.z.n.points     3      span.ratio < 2
    ## 12       1     0   Inf clast.pred            3.28   span.ratio < 2
    ## 13       1     0   Inf half.life            14.3    span.ratio < 2
    ## 14       1     0   Inf span.ratio            1.07   span.ratio < 2
    ## 15       1     0   Inf aucinf.obs          215.     span.ratio < 2

# Extracting Results

## Summary Results

Summary results are obtained using the aptly named `summary()` function. It will output a `summary_PKNCAresults` object that is simply a data.frame with an attribute of `caption`. The summary is generated by evaluating summary statistics on each requested parameter. Which summary statistics are calculated for each parameter are set with `PKNCA.set.summary()`, and they are described in the caption. When a parameter is not requested for a given interval, it is illustrated with a period (`.`), by default (customizable with the `not.requested.string` argument to `summary()`). When a parameter is required to calculate another parameter, but it is not specifically requested, it will not be shown in the summary.

The summary will have one column for each grouping variable other than the subject grouping variable; one column each for the start and end time; and one column per parameter calculated.

    summary(results_obj)

    ##  start end  N     auclast        cmax               tmax   half.life aucinf.obs
    ##      0  24 12 74.6 [24.3]           .                  .           .          .
    ##      0 Inf 12           . 8.65 [17.0] 1.14 [0.630, 3.55] 8.18 [2.12] 115 [28.4]
    ##
    ## Caption: auclast, cmax, aucinf.obs: geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation; tmax: median and range; half.life: arithmetic mean and standard deviation; N: number of subjects

When values are excluded as described above, the excluded values are not included in the summary (note that half.life and aucinf.obs differ).

    summary(results_excl_span)

    ##  start end  N     auclast        cmax               tmax         half.life
    ##      0  24 12 74.6 [24.3]           .                  .                 .
    ##      0 Inf 12           . 8.65 [17.0] 1.14 [0.630, 3.55] 7.36 [0.742], n=9
    ##       aucinf.obs
    ##                .
    ##  105 [16.4], n=9
    ##
    ## Caption: auclast, cmax, aucinf.obs: geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation; tmax: median and range; half.life: arithmetic mean and standard deviation; N: number of subjects; n: number of measurements included in summary

## Listing of Results

A listing of all calculated values is available using `as.data.frame()`.

    as.data.frame(results_obj) %>%
      head(20)

    ## # A tibble: 20 × 6
    ##    Subject start   end PPTESTCD             PPORRES exclude
    ##      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>                  <dbl> <chr>
    ##  1       1     0    24 auclast              92.4    <NA>
    ##  2       1     0   Inf cmax                 10.5    <NA>
    ##  3       1     0   Inf tmax                  1.12   <NA>
    ##  4       1     0   Inf tlast                24.4    <NA>
    ##  5       1     0   Inf clast.obs             3.28   <NA>
    ##  6       1     0   Inf lambda.z              0.0485 <NA>
    ##  7       1     0   Inf r.squared             1.00   <NA>
    ##  8       1     0   Inf adj.r.squared         1.00   <NA>
    ##  9       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.first   9.05   <NA>
    ## 10       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.last   24.4    <NA>
    ## 11       1     0   Inf lambda.z.n.points     3      <NA>
    ## 12       1     0   Inf clast.pred            3.28   <NA>
    ## 13       1     0   Inf half.life            14.3    <NA>
    ## 14       1     0   Inf span.ratio            1.07   <NA>
    ## 15       1     0   Inf aucinf.obs          215.     <NA>
    ## 16       2     0    24 auclast              67.2    <NA>
    ## 17       2     0   Inf cmax                  8.33   <NA>
    ## 18       2     0   Inf tmax                  1.92   <NA>
    ## 19       2     0   Inf tlast                24.3    <NA>
    ## 20       2     0   Inf clast.obs             0.9    <NA>

Excluded values remain in the listing.

    as.data.frame(results_excl_span) %>%
      head(20)

    ## # A tibble: 20 × 6
    ##    Subject start   end PPTESTCD             PPORRES exclude
    ##      <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>                  <dbl> <chr>
    ##  1       1     0    24 auclast              92.4    <NA>
    ##  2       1     0   Inf cmax                 10.5    <NA>
    ##  3       1     0   Inf tmax                  1.12   <NA>
    ##  4       1     0   Inf tlast                24.4    <NA>
    ##  5       1     0   Inf clast.obs             3.28   <NA>
    ##  6       1     0   Inf lambda.z              0.0485 span.ratio < 2
    ##  7       1     0   Inf r.squared             1.00   span.ratio < 2
    ##  8       1     0   Inf adj.r.squared         1.00   span.ratio < 2
    ##  9       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.first   9.05   span.ratio < 2
    ## 10       1     0   Inf lambda.z.time.last   24.4    span.ratio < 2
    ## 11       1     0   Inf lambda.z.n.points     3      span.ratio < 2
    ## 12       1     0   Inf clast.pred            3.28   span.ratio < 2
    ## 13       1     0   Inf half.life            14.3    span.ratio < 2
    ## 14       1     0   Inf span.ratio            1.07   span.ratio < 2
    ## 15       1     0   Inf aucinf.obs          215.     span.ratio < 2
    ## 16       2     0    24 auclast              67.2    <NA>
    ## 17       2     0   Inf cmax                  8.33   <NA>
    ## 18       2     0   Inf tmax                  1.92   <NA>
    ## 19       2     0   Inf tlast                24.3    <NA>
    ## 20       2     0   Inf clast.obs             0.9    <NA>